In 1866, the US Congress passes the Southern Homestead Act to provide Freedmen with land in Southern states at a cost of $5 for eighty acres. Only 1,000 Freedmen receive homesteads.

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Reference:  Harper’s Magazine, November 2000, Does America Owe a Debt to the Descendants of its Slaves?

in Should America Pay?: Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations (ed. Raymond A. Winbush, PhD 2003) at p. 103

Robert Wesley, Many Billions Gone: Is It Time to Reconsider the Case for Black Reparations?

in Should America Pay?: Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations (ed. Raymond A. Winbush, PhD 2003) at p. 123

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The Supreme Court, in a 4-4 deadlock, let stand a lower court’s order that the state of Washington make billions of dollars worth of repairs to roads, where the state had built culverts below road channels and structures in a way that prevented salmon from swimming through and reaching their spawning grounds, that had damaged the state’s salmon habitats and contributed to population loss. The case involved the Stevens Treaties, a series of agreements in 1854-55, in which tribes in Washington State gave up millions of acres of land in exchange for “the right to take fish.” Implicit in the treaties, courts would later rule, was a guarantee that there would be enough fish for the tribes to harvest. Destroying the habitat reduces the population and thus violates these treaties. This decision directly affects the Swinomish Tribe (“A Victory For A Tribe That’s Lost Its Salmon” by John Eligon, The New York Times, June 12, 2018).