In 1962, Queen Mother Audley Moore’s Reparations Committee of Descendants of United States Slaves files a claim in California.

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June 28, 2018

In 1829, in his “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,” David Walker asserts that “the White Christian Americans” were the most cruel and barbarous people who have ever lived.

March 23, 2019

The Supreme Court, in a 4-4 deadlock, let stand a lower court’s order that the state of Washington make billions of dollars worth of repairs to roads, where the state had built culverts below road channels and structures in a way that prevented salmon from swimming through and reaching their spawning grounds, that had damaged the state’s salmon habitats and contributed to population loss. The case involved the Stevens Treaties, a series of agreements in 1854-55, in which tribes in Washington State gave up millions of acres of land in exchange for “the right to take fish.” Implicit in the treaties, courts would later rule, was a guarantee that there would be enough fish for the tribes to harvest. Destroying the habitat reduces the population and thus violates these treaties. This decision directly affects the Swinomish Tribe (“A Victory For A Tribe That’s Lost Its Salmon” by John Eligon, The New York Times, June 12, 2018).

June 29, 2018

In a 1963 interview conducted by Alex Haley for Playboy magazine, Malcolm X proposes that, in return for the economic wealth that enslaved Africans brought to the US, government should give their descendants land and resources.