James Forman, director of international affairs for Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), introduces the Black Manifesto at the meeting, at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, of the National Black Economic Development Conference (NBEDC). NBEDC endorses the Manifesto.

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Reference:  Jennifer Harvey, Dear White Christians: For Those Still Longing for Racial Reconciliation(2014) at p. 118

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The Supreme Court, in a 4-4 deadlock, let stand a lower court’s order that the state of Washington make billions of dollars worth of repairs to roads, where the state had built culverts below road channels and structures in a way that prevented salmon from swimming through and reaching their spawning grounds, that had damaged the state’s salmon habitats and contributed to population loss. The case involved the Stevens Treaties, a series of agreements in 1854-55, in which tribes in Washington State gave up millions of acres of land in exchange for “the right to take fish.” Implicit in the treaties, courts would later rule, was a guarantee that there would be enough fish for the tribes to harvest. Destroying the habitat reduces the population and thus violates these treaties. This decision directly affects the Swinomish Tribe (“A Victory For A Tribe That’s Lost Its Salmon” by John Eligon, The New York Times, June 12, 2018).